Gandhi, King and Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work?

All through history governments and empires have been overthrown or defeated primarily by the violence of those who oppose them. This violence was usually successful however, there have been several situations, when violence failed, that protesters have had to turn to other methods. Non-violent protesting never seemed to be the right course of action until the ideology of Mohandas Gandhi spread and influenced successful protests across the world. Non-violent methods were successfully used, most notably, by Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Nelson Mandela. Mohandas Gandhi’s methods not only led to India’s independence from Britain but also had victories over racial discrimination in South Africa. Gandhi saw, upon his return to India from South Africa, that Britain had run India’s people into poverty and subordination. Indians were not allowed to manufacture or own their own salt. This affected the poor population most because of how often they used salt. Gandhi began by writing to the English Governor in India describing his plan to â€Å"convert the British people through nonviolence and [to] make them see the wrong they have done to India† (Document 1). He felt that the â€Å"British rule [was] a curse†. Even though Gandhi spent a total of 2.338 days in prison, he â€Å"did not feel the slightest hesitation in entering the prisoner’s box† (Doc. 7). People followed Gandhi in his protests and many followed him into jail feeling â€Å"firm in [their] resolution of passing [their] terms in jail in perfect happiness and peace† (Doc. 7). While he was in jail, Mme. Naidu, an Indian poetess, filled in his position in leading protests. She encouraged the protesters by reiterating that â€Å"[they] must not use any violence†¦ [they would] be beaten but [they] must not resist†¦not even raise a hand to ward off blows† (Doc. 4). The author felt that â€Å"the western mind finds it difficult to grasp the idea of nonresistance†, but this was not the case. Just 25 years later Martin Luther King, Jr. found his own kind of victory using Gandhi’s techniques. King began his career of peaceful protests as a follower, not a leader. In 1960, he â€Å"toke part in the lunch counter sit-ins† in order to â€Å"bring the whole issue of racial injustice under the scrutiny of the conscience of Atlanta† (Doc 2). King hoped to help not just the African-American population but the white population as well. By 1963, King had been chosen as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which sought to aid in the efforts to put an end to segregation. He accepted â€Å"volunteers to serve in [their] non-violent army† knowing that they would have to â€Å"accept and endure violence without retaliating† (Doc. 5). Their will to fight was from â€Å"the conviction that [they] were right†. King’s followers were so empowered that, for their participation in the Montgomery bus boycott, â€Å"people had rushed down to get arrested†¦ [they] were now proud to be arrested for the cause of freedom† (Doc. 8). King got white and blacks to work together for the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom† (Doc. 11). He wanted them to ‘b able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood†. Nelson Mandela used the same â€Å"Gandhian principles of nonviolence†¦that seeks to conquer through conversion† (Doc. 3). He lived under the strict laws of apartheid that separated the white Dutchmen from the native African population. In similar circumstances as M.L. King, Mandela supported the same acts of nonviolence in order to gain rights for South Africans. He knew that â€Å"attempts at violence†¦would be devastatingly crushed† under the power of the state. At his protests in Johannesburg in 1952, he knew that â€Å"the authorities would seek to intimidate, imprison, and perhaps attack [them]† (Doc. 6) however, like Gandhi, he encouraged the volunteers not to retaliate. Mandela spent 26 years and 8 months in jail as punishment for his protesting however, he felt that â€Å"no sacrifice was too great in the struggle for freedom† (Doc. 9). He spent time in jail with other protesters that all felt that â€Å"whatever sentences [they] received, even the death sentence†¦ [their] deaths would not be in vain† (Doc. 9). Freedom for the South African people from apartheid finally came in 1993. To Mandela this was not just the freedom of his people but â€Å"the freedom of all people, black and white† (Doc. 12). â€Å"South Africa’s New Democracy† rose after years of continuous nonviolence from the populace. Gandhi, King, and Mandela each fought for their causes with a method that was very rarely used but even less rarely successful. Their efforts at peaceful protest without retaliation to attacks were successful in overthrowing trans-continental rule and ending segregation of races. Gandhi transformed the idea of non-violence into a way to fight for freedom and justice which would ultimately end in success and peace.

Dogs

Dean Winchester Comparison Contrast Essay There are many types of dogs in the world and two of the most common dogs are Chihuahuas and German Shepherds. Each completely the opposite of each other like Chihuahuas barely shed, are low energy and do not eat much and vice versa with German Shepherds. For people who wouldn’t want a house full of dog hair then low shedding dogs such as the Chihuahuas would be ideal. If you don’t mind cleaning every day and would make the sacrifice to get a good dog then a German shepherd would meet the criteria.Along with pet hair dogs also release pet dander, and while for some it may not bother them others have allergic reactions to it. While it is impossible for dogs no matter how little they shed to not give pet dander, the smaller they shed hair the less pet dander is released, same as high shedding dogs. How much a dog eats should be taken into consideration if shedding isn’t a criteria into picking a dog. Obviously the bigger th e dog the more it’ll eat except for those few special cases such as Siberian Huskies who are frugal eaters.Chihuahuas are the world’s smallest dogs so they won’t gobble their food every time you pour it into their bowl which will make the food supply last longer thus result in buying less dog food. Another thing to consider between these two dogs would be their exercise requirement. People can say Chihuahua’s are high energy, and while it may have a small truth to that it that, their energy runs out quickly. A 30 minute walk or less can take care of that and it doesn’t have to be every day.On the other hand German Shepherds are definitely high energy – high exercise dogs. Apart from they’re friendly once they get to know you, they are intelligent but also are willing to run and run and run. Great for police departments whom have suspects they are chasing. Dogs like that need daily exercise that will use up that energy or will turn int o a problem such as destroying furniture or digging holes which could lead to them escaping.Chihuahuas are capable of doing the same but with a small walk it’ll be taken care of. If you are a couch potato you obviously do not want a high shedding, high energy, gobbler for a dog even if they are amazing like the German shepherd, you’ll be going for the low energy, low shedding, small quantity eating Chihuahua. While both dogs are excellent in being family friendly their different qualities should be taken in consideration before picking a friend that can last a over a decade.

Building and dwelling in the Twenty-first Century Essay

Building and dwelling in the Twenty-first Century - Essay Example The critical question that arises here is that how the activity of building should be carried out and how should the dwellings be realized. Heidegger in his essay 'Building Dwelling Thinking' says that "we perceive building and dwelling as two different activities but in reality building and dwelling is one and the same". The sole purpose of building is to dwell and this does not only include the act of lodging in a building but rather it includes all the other facilitators that come together to provide a platform for dwelling of man on the earth because in the large meaning, being human being on earth means to dwell. It is important to understand that any building does not exist in isolation, with little or no relation with its surrounding, but rather it is a part of a complex fabric that intertwined around various aspects like natural surroundings of the place, the perception of the building by the larger society of the users as to what it is and as the functional utilization of that building. It is also necessary to understand that the building exists in the midst of natural elements like the sky and the surround landscape and that it is necessary to understand the building in the same manner. ... This should necessarily harmonize with the immediate and the distant physical surroundings in order to form a part of the larger locale. This can include the natural as well as built surrounding that has been created by man during the course of time one earth. The act of building therefore needs to encompass other elements of intangible nature, like the relationship of the building with the established cultural landscape of the place and the perception that has been attached with the same. With all this, when a building comes into existence, as a facilitator for dwelling, it changes the characteristics of the locale in which it is created and then, it assumes the position of locale by itself. In terms of the cultural relationship of the building, it is necessary to link the act of building with the larger aspect of dwelling by understanding dwelling not as an instantaneous activity but as an activity that has occurred over a large period of time and that it shall continue to be the same in the time to come. Being in the twenty-first century it is therefore necessary to understand the act of building as the act of creating and growing something that exist in time and space and something that is dynamic or ever-changing in terms of its manifestation but principally it remains the same throughout. As a side effect of scientific advancements, the perception of living and on a larger extent, dwelling, for us keeps changing all the time. With these advancements, there is a corresponding change in the culture of society and this in turn has a very important role to play in our perception of dwelling and building. The act of building in turn creates a locale and

To what extent can the Iranian Revolution of 1979 be considered the Essay

To what extent can the Iranian Revolution of 1979 be considered the root of Extremist Islam in Iran Today - Essay Example As a result, the Western Countries accused the Iranian people of spreading terrorism across the world. Since the Victory of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, it's marked a turning point to the Iranian people. They continued to remain firmed to their ethic based on the foundation led by Ayatollah Ruhullah Khomeini of Islamic extremism. Before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iranian people were under the yolk of the capitalist and injustice, as at the time of Shah Phalavi. "Numerous symptoms led to the crumbling downfall of Shah Phalavi, ruler of Iran until 1978. One of these symptoms is rising expectations which can be seen during the 1960s and 70s. The rich Shah cleared the way for the land reform law, enacted in 1962. The land minority had to give up its land to the government, and among those stripped of land, were Shi'a Muslim". (The Iranian Revolution) However, Ayatollah the leader of the Islamic Revolution, during that time of Reza Shah Phalavi, was the spiritual leader of the Iranian people, especially the masses. Though he is Muslim, but the struggled he undergone against Shah has benefited the entire masses of Iran, both Muslim and Christians. Khomeini continued to condemned Reza Shah Phalavi and his policies. ... Though he is Muslim, but the struggled he undergone against Shah has benefited the entire masses of Iran, both Muslim and Christians. Khomeini continued to condemned Reza Shah Phalavi and his policies. He had also motivated the poor Iranians that the only way they will have a peaceful living is to adapting to Islamic extremism. Ayatollah's words had encouraged the people of Iran to waged uprising against Shah whom they regarded as an oppressive leader. Thy therefore joined the Ayatollah crusade against Shah under the Islamic platform. The continuous hatred against the West today by the Iranian government and its people today, their hatred against Jews, and the spread of Islamic extremism across the world they embark, was rooted since the 1979 Islamic Revolution led by Khomeini. In an interview with James Wasserman, where in his statements had made mentioned what he described as the root of extremism and terrorism in today's Iran and other part of the world. He has this to say: "The Iranian revolution of 1979 heralded the emergence of fundamentalist Muslim State and the proclamation of religious Jihad against the unbelievers and infidels. Wasserman further added: "Ayatollah Khomeini, the Shiite leader of Iran, must be seen in some measure as a successor of Hassan-i-Sabah. He was able to organize a band of powerless, stateless religious rebels into a group capable of overtaking one of the most powerful Militant machines of the Middle East that had the full support of the west. Khomeini also accomplished something that Hassan did not-the union of fundamentalist Shi'is and the fundamentalist Sunnis. When the modern Islamic terrorism Network was born, in large part directed Tehran, a thousands year-old dream was realized".

How Christianity shaped the colonization of the New World Research Paper

How Christianity shaped the colonization of the New World - Research Paper Example this concept is so wrapped around with the misconception, if not premeditated efforts to have it seem either less or more important to native people than it actually is, that getting it directly, even precisely expressed, seems to be a task nearly impossible to accomplish. People of European origin who harbor no exacting ill-will toward Native American have a tendency to over-emphasize the notion of the Great Spirit because it makes some people seem more Christians than others. Some even propose that it is but a little step from belief in a Great Spirit to faith in the one, true God of Judeo Christian custom. At the same time, individuals who still anchorage the hope of our ultimate annihilation point to the notion as one that proves we still persevere in worshipping the devil, an article they see as a Great Spirit with authority over a pack of evil spirit who intimidates the existence of a Christianized civilization itself. Neither situation can be said to conserve any truth whatsoe ver with regard to Native American culture. This tries to guide in understanding the thesis of this essay, which question Native Americans concept on Christianity (Beardsley, pgs 463). Spanish Conquistadors The famous Spanish conquistadors, who were tremendously active throughout the Age of Exploration to the new civilization, impacted the process of civilization in regards to Christianity. In fact, thy were so well skillful and victorious in their efforts that they were directly accountable for a large part of the eastern zest trade, as well as creating massive wealth for their state of Spain.   Gold and spices along with the unearthing of silver made Spain a powerful nation. The name conquistadors imply conquer, which is precisely what these men accomplished.   The Spanish conquistadors were faithful soldiers and explorers, dedicating their lives to the improvement of their favorite Spain.   The Muslim Moors lost charge of the Iberian Peninsula to these soldiers after 800 ye ars of conflict.   This particular victory, referred to as the reconquist, entailed of Holy War fighting.   The Spanish soldiers and explorers travelling the journey to the New World possessed the name of conquistador. In addition to the prosperities enjoyed by the gold, spice, and silver commercial activities the Spanish conquistadors had other motivations.   For example, they sought to grasp a position of power and prestige, key fundamentals to building the Spanish territory (Abler, pgs 1-2).   Additionally, the conquistadors needed to convert natives to the Catholic religion; Christianity, which is why ministers always traveled with the explorers. The Spanish conquistadors took the Indians as being savage.   The exploitation and oppression associated with the populace became recognized as the Encomienda System, which was alike to the Medieval Feudal structure.   In spite of, the objective was to penetrate the Indian communities with religion so they would transform.   However, while the conversion progression was taking place, the Spanish conqu

Weekly Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly Journal - Assignment Example To become what it is currently, family therapy underwent a lot of evolutions and changes. Many psychologists presented and tested their theories and approaches in solving family problems. Communication and information exchange are the basic sustaining elements of families. Psychologists and therapists also rely on communication as basic way of interacting with patients to ensure effective treatment (Nichols, 2013). When attending to patients, psychologists have a wide choice of theories that include Systems, Attachment and Social Construction Theories among others. As a professional and experienced counselor, one has to establish an open communication platform with the client. A counselor should not continue with counseling work until patients are willing to talk and participate in the therapy session. In addition, a professional counselor has to begin therapy by engaging with the patient alone, and then integrate the process to include other family members. Furthermore, a professional counselor has to analyze and consider many theories and be flexible as to the application in the given situation (Nichols, 2013). One of insights generated by the readings is that family therapy is a new concept that developed during 1950s. Another insight is that communication is important and basic in family therapy. Without effective communication, a therapist may not understand proper techniques or approaches to employ in treating a given situation (Nichols, 2013). Through class discussion, one is able to realize that family therapy is a new concept that is still developing. A student undertaking psychological studies has unlimited chances to enjoin in research and expansion of the concept of family therapy. Class discussion on the development of family therapy provides a view that there are no specific strategies and techniques in treating a troubled

Report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report 1 - Essay Example The image of an organization can be negatively affected by a dress code that does not mirror seriousness. The Canadian Workplace All workers in Canada have a right to dress according to their tastes so long as their preferences do not collide with workplace stipulations (Krahn, Hughes, & Lowe, 2010). Sometimes, there are rules created by corporations about what is appropriate that infringe on the workers’ personal rights. For example, there are companies that do not approve of workers with tattoos, dreadlocks, beards, and facial rings. The rules of such corporations can be rendered irrelevant by court rulings, though this is not always what happens when the workers of such corporations sue them. Business owners and corporate directors in such cases are usually required to provide evidence that justifies the existence of such rules. Sometimes, employers provide valid reasons that result in courts upholding their rules on the appropriate dress codes. For example, manufacturing p lants that have a lot of machinery have a right to require that their workers remove all facial jewelry because it might get caught in the machines and seriously injure them. Since some employers are the creators of their own companies, they have a right to determine whether their workers should wear uniforms or dress in regular clothes. The only issue that employees can complain about are those to do with decency. For example, bar owners have no right to force their waiters and waitresses to dress in skimpy outfits that make them uncomfortable. If a worker sues his or her employer for being dismissed after refusing to wear skimpy clothes, a court can make the decision that the dismissal was unnecessary if it is established that the employer’s preferred dress code for workers was unreasonable. Moreover, there are sporadic cases where bar owners who have such dress codes have been allowed to dismiss workers who refuse to don skimpy outfits. In such cases, the bar owners proved in court that they had included information in previous work notices that informed potential workers about the type of work, as well as workplace uniform, that they would have to wear when working. In most cases where Canadian companies have dress codes that do not require that workers don indecent clothing, however, courts usually side with the employers. This is because the dress codes in such cases are usually enforced to prevent accidents in the workplace. For example, safety boots and gloves protect against accidents in the workplace. Employers have the right to implement dress codes when seeking to protect their workers so long as they explain their reasons for this to their employees. In some workplaces in Canada, workers are expected to dress in uniforms. Nurses, restaurant workers, and police officers are an example of workers who regularly don uniforms when at work. Their uniforms identify them to the public and enforce consistency in the labourforce. For nurses, their un iforms do not only identify them to the public, but also serve to protect their patients from catching any germs from the nurses who work with different patients all through the day. For restaurant workers, donning hair coverings is a way of stopping hair strands from falling into the food they serve to the customers.

Marketing as a Business Orientation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing as a Business Orientation - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the marketing concept says that a company must deliver and promote its product in the market before the competitor does. There is the force on the promotion of the product, which means that the customer should know each and everything about the product. The value creation of the product in the minds of the customers is very important. In order to make a good perception in the minds of the customers, the marketing managers should study the market well. They can promote their product well if the market and the customers are relevant. In this way, the resources of the company will not be wasted. The marketing managers should focus on the customer’s requirements, needs, and demands. In this way, it will be easy for the company to manufacture those products, which meet the demands of the target market. When the company fulfills the demands of the customers then they will be more satisfying form the company [products and thus they will be loyal to the company. Another one is the production concept in the list of marketing management orientations. It is the oldest concept of massive production without caring for the demands and requirements of the market. The main thinking beyond the production concept was that the consumers always prefer a low price and an easily accessible availability of the product. For this reason, the companies always focus on the massive and bulk production in order to save their productions costs. When they save their productions costs, then it means that they can sell their product at a cheaper rate as compared to the other competitor in the market. In order to implement this production concept, there is s high requirement of the production facility and its maximum efficiency. This type of production concept is usually used in the countries where the consumers are not concerned about the choices and preferences rather they just need a simple product, which can meet the basic needs. These k inds of customers are usually focusing on the availability of the product rather than the features of the product.

Managing Human Error in Aviation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Human Error in Aviation - Article Example A co-pilot who always cedes to the judgment of the pilot hurts the team because no redundancy checks exist. The author attempts to review these errors which lead to disasters and create solutions to the problems. The article cites the 1978 United Airlines crash where the pilot focused on the landing gear warning light and not the low fuel indicator. Although the co-pilot warned of the fuel problem, he was not emphatic enough. The jet crashed, not because of a faulty warning light, but because the two pilots failed to act as an effective team. As a team, they stayed focused on the imagined landing gear problem. The second citation is the 1982 Air Florida crash in Washington, DC. Again, the copilot was uncomfortable with the aircraft’s performance, in this case, airspeed indicators; but again, the co-pilot failed to adequately state his concern. The jetliner crashed into the Potomac River. This crash pointed to the importance of collaboration rather than a chain of command.   One suggested a technological solution is smart computers. When these devices were tried in the flight simulators, oftentimes the pilot would concentrate on programming the computer rather than fly the aircraft in crowded airspace. The better solution was to turn off the computer and fly â€Å"stick and rudder† so the attention was on the airspace and other traffic. Crew Resource Management (CRM) resolves these issues to some extent. CRM dissects the cultural, societal and company, psychological and social human factors in communications and decision making. A more collaborative management ensues from this training. All crew members can speak out on safety issues. One study showed an Asian based airline’s pilots considered the chain of command to take precedence over safety. The net result is training teams, rather than leaders and followers.

Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bureaucracy - Essay Example According to Weber’s Model there are six main elements in Bureaucracy: 1. Clearly defined offices and authorities. 2. Hierarchical structure of offices. 3. Written guidelines for performance of offices. 4. Office as a career. 5. Duties and authorities attached to positions and authority not to the persons. Only way of communication between the offices is written letters or documents. From these principles and ways efficiency of individuals and offices are raised to a great value. Ultimately goal of organization operating successfully and effectively is attained. The whole organization is based on the concept of instrumentalism assuming organizations as machine parts. These machine parts are dependent on each other for greater efficiency. Greater the efficiency of one part or office greater will be the efficiency of the other part or office dependent on first part or office; ultimately this whole scenario will lead to an extremely efficient machinery of. Weber contended that po sitions in an organization are to be filled on the basis of technical capability and knowledge regarding the field office is related to. But in practical world persons holding authority positions in organizations might not be good technically and knowledge of the field. Parson (Weber & Parsons, 1947) raised the question that, do members of an organization have to follow orders due to person or position holding the authority? This question was not addressed in Weber’s model of organizations. Parson raised a question; that if the decisions are made by a person having a less technical capability than in such case whole efficiency of the organization will be at stack. Gouldner (1954) pointed to a slightly different confusion present in the Weber’s model the compatibility of one individual to obey order should be of the two basic reasons â€Å"Orders obeyed by individual is due to reason that it will be helping in achieving the ultimate goal of good efficiency.† Or; â€Å"Orders are obeyed merely due to reason that they are given by the person having greater authority.†Parson and Gouldner have identified major contradictions that are present in the Weber’s model of organizational structure. Parson and Gouldner provided the basis of sociological studies of organizational structure. There are unintended consequences as a result of traditional bureaucratic organizational structure. These consequences are unexpected during the whole operations of the organization and results attained after the rise of these consequences are also quite unexpected This dilemma of unexpected consequences due to human actions was addressed by Merton (1957). Merton’s analysis of â€Å"Bureaucratic personality† stands as a classical statement while talking about organizational behavior and well being associated to it. According to Merton individuals are so busy in carrying out rules and regulations requirements as a result the real objective o f the organization is lost. This results in unproductive results for the organization. Merton advised that rules should be flexible enough to discourage any unproductive results. Gouldners’ patterns for industrial bureaucracy include concepts such as mock bureaucracy, representative bureaucracy and punishment-centered bureaucracy. Mock bureaucracy involves the rules which are rarely enforced routinely and have nothing to do with the objective of the organization. No-smoking rule is an example of such a case. Representative Bureaucracy involves

International Students Essay Example for Free

International Students Essay Most young people believe that studying in a different country is a privilege because they are able to experience other cultures, and learn from them. However, in the United States it is not as good as they thought because International students have much more pressure being in this country, and sometimes they cannot handle it very well. Therefore, in the United States the life of an international student is very unfavorable if people compare it to the life of an American student. International students have to learn a new language to study, they cannot work while studying, and their tuition is much more expensive. When people moves to the United Stated to study they imagine that it will be very helpful, and they believe that learning a new language (English) will not be a problem. However, when they really start studying their major, they find out that it is not easy since people have to really understand and appreciate the language. First of all, in order to have success in university in the United States people have to compose a number of essays which if people do not understand their structure, they will be incorrect , so international students have to really learn English, and they have to know how to write it in order to have success. Also, for them to have success in university they have to participate in class, and analyze an amount of readings, and because they are international students, it is very difficult to achieve since they believe that Americans are going to laugh at them or make jokes of them if they say something incorrectly. For example, some Americans do not realize sometimes how hard is for international students being in a different country, with different people, learning a new language, and experiencing different cultures, so some of them do not really appreciate the effort that international students put on being in the United States. They just think that it is easy and do not care about how they feel. On the other hand, American students since they are in middle school they are taught how to write very good essays , so when they get in college they do not have any problem creating essays. They know their structure and have a very superior vocabulary, so they can compose excellent essays. In addition, since American students speak English very well, they do not have any problem participating in class. They have confidence in themselves, so they will not be afraid of saying something wrong. Consequently, because American students do not have to learn any language to study their mayor, it is much easier for them to achieve excellent grades. Most university students feel the necessity of working since they would like to have their own money in order to be independent from their parents. It is not the exception for International students because they also feel the necessity of working to be independent from their parents or whoever is responsible for them. However, for international students to work in the United States it is very difficult because they are only allowed to work on campus. These kinds of jobs are very limited since some of the campuses in which they study are very small. Also for an international student to find a job on campus is difficult because people prefer to employee an American student who is not going to have any problem speaking the language. For example, last semester a friend from Venezuela who is studying at Miami Dade College decided that he wanted to get a job in order to have his own money. He went to every single place where he could be employee. However, when he went to all these places, all the people told him that at that time they did not need any person, so he realize that to get a job on campus was very difficult, and not only that but a few weeks later he noticed that a new person was working in the campus coffee, so he proves that for an international student to get a job on campus is very difficult. On the contrary, American students can work wherever and whenever they want and it does not matter if they are studying or no. They can have their own money and support themselves while being in university. As a result, the fact that they can work while studying really helps them to have more confidence and to achieve better possessions. Because American students can work while studying, it is better to be a citizen of the United States than an international student. The most important difference between International students and American students is the tuition that they pay. International students are require to pay a very expensive tuitions if it is compare with the tuitions that American students have to pay. The tuition is very inequality, and it is only because they are international al students. Sometimes it seems to be very difficult for international students to pay the tuition because it is very expensive. For instance, an international student who studies in Miami Dade College is require to take twelve credits or more per semester which represents three thousand seven hundred dollars. However, an American student only has to pay for the same amount of credits twelve hundred dollars per semester. It is very inequality and unfair that just because they are from a different country, they would have to pay so much more money than an American student. On the contrary, it is very easy for American students to pay the tuition that the university requires. They can even pay for it with their own money. Therefore, it is easy for them to achieve their goals, and to have their independency from their parents. In conclusion, an international student has to put a lot of effort if he or she wants to be success in college. However, although American students also have to put a lot of effort to be success, it is easier for them since they already know the language, they can work while studying, and their tuition is pretty much inexpensive. Also, people have to keep in mind that being an American student is a privilege, and they should take advantage of it in order to achieve their goals in life.

Analysis of the Bill No. AB 29 Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Bill No. AB 29 Essay The bill considered for this paper is Bill No. AB 29, authored by Price and Swanson, with subject â€Å"Healthcare Coverage†. The bill was introduced in 1st December 2008 and amended on the 24th of March 2010. 1. Overview of the health problem Based from the analyses provided for the bill, this bill has been proposed and argued for on the grounds that it has the ability to curve statistics for the largest uninsured segment of the population in California which is comprised of teenagers aged 19-23 (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This age range, consisting the 27. 3% of the uninsured individuals in California, has been excluded from eligibility to received healthcare benefits under their parent’s insurance coverage, on the basis of age (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This then, according to the research presented by the proponents of the bill, disposes these individuals of this age to seek their insurance coverage somewhere and shoulder the costs themselves (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). The costs of which may be considered expensive for these people to handle and thus, they prefer to skip making applications (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This is the current situation in California, and one which the bill specifically targets to address. The bill seeks to extend the dependent coverage for medical insurance of children up to 27 years of age. While the existing legal provisions- also those apparent in Knox and Keene Health Service Care Plan of 1975- do not impose any restrictions to the current conditions imposed by employers on matters concerning the medical insurance coverage for dependent children, the statistics for insured population belonging to the young adult group remains to be high and these statistics cause an alarming reality of the current status of accessibility to quality health care by the young adult population. The bill seeks to extend the medical insurance coverage of children who have been considered as dependents of their parents. For parents whose insurance coverage is paid for by the employer, the bill provides them the opportunity to maintain the dependent coverage for their children by making payments of the additional premiums (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4) Presently, children who reach the age of 21 or after they graduate high school or college are disabled from further being enrolled as dependents of their parents for premium coverage or health care insurance. This scenario reveals that this particular group of individuals will remain to get neglected, as far as matters about fair and equal accessibility to heath care insurance policies are concerned if no actions are done now to at lest protect them from being excluded from necessary accesses. This bill will affect the almost 30% uninsured population of California, as well as the number of insurance companies and employers whoa re currently providing health care insurance overage for parents whose children or who have any children that belong to this particular age-group. 2. Severity of the health problem As there are no existing legal provisions that would discourage the current situation, this business culture presents a serious problem for any society who puts high importance to the accessibility of quality healthcare to its citizens, regardless of age. The current practices regarding the admission of young adults for medical coverage under their parents’ insurance accounts have very stringent rules. The background research provided in the Bill Analysis identify that most parents who cover their children as listed beneficiaries of medical coverage that is under their insurance account are working parents whom medical coverage was obtained though the employers’ provisions. However, the existing agreement between the employer and most insurance providers revoke young adults’ eligibility to remain beneficiaries under their parents’ insurance account on two grounds: (1) if they are not enrolled in college for full-time; or (2) after the children turn 19, graduate from high school, or graduate from college (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). The gravity of the reality of the situation is compounded by the fact that, according to the research background provided in the Bill Analysis, young adults encounter difficulty applying for medical insurance coverage and getting accepted with their applications (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). This reality is based on several reasons. According to the research background provided in the bill analysis, statistics show that these particular age range, the young adult population, often end up with low paying jobs and hold temporary positions (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 3). Thus, they receive meager salaries and are excluded from receiving health insurance benefits provided for by the company as one of the incentives employees get (Bill Analysis, 2009, pp. 3-4). Existing legal provisions also support exclusion of this particular age range from being eligible to receive benefits from public programs if they are considered healthy and childless (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). According to the presented report on public programs in the Bill Analysis, children are only included in the Medi-Cal program before they reach the age of 21, after which, they are pretty much on their own. Only young adults with children, pregnant, or with disability are qualified to receive the benefits of the program of the Medi-Cal (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). The risks associated with the present circumstances are high. Generally, it curves down the access of this particular population to quality health care (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). This leaves serious implications to the young adult and his or her family. The most obvious is that, in case of medical emergencies, a large-out of the pocket expenses would be required from the family if the young adult patient happens to be not covered by any health care insurance policy (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). 3. Overview of the bill The bill has undergone two Assembly Committee Analyses and one Senate Committee Analysis on the 28th and 14th of April 2008 and on the 26th of March 2009, respectively. This bill inserts some additional conditions and requirements to the existing Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 (Knox-Keene Act). Essentially, the bill requires the lifting of the existing age limit implemented by employers and health care insurance providers upon dependent coverage; and provide the conditions under which these additional requirements can be fulfilled without necessarily passing the costs of which to employers health care insurance firms. Specifically, it targets to impose these four conditions: First, the bill â€Å"would prohibit, with a specified exception, the limiting age for dependent children covered by these health care service plan contracts and group health insurance policies from being less than 27 years of age† (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, par. 2). Secondly, the â€Å"bill would also provide that no employer is required to pay the cost of coverage for dependents who are at least 23 years of age, but less than 27 years of age. The bill instead would authorize subscribers and insureds to elect to provide coverage tot hose dependents by contributing the premium for that coverage† (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, par. 2). Thirdly, while the constitution of California requires the reimbursements of costs to local agencies and school districts based in the mandate of the state, the bill â€Å"would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason† (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, pars. 4-5). Lastly, the bill imposes that any violations of the additional requirements it has on the Know-Keene Act is to be considered a crime (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, par. 3). Section 1 of the bill stipulates conditions requiring the deletion of age limit to criteria eligibility and changing the age limit of the child into twenty-seven. This section also provides that the plan contract should not specify any conditions leading to the individual’s exemption from Medi-Cal’s benefits; automatic inclusion to benefits entitlement of children and spouses to medical coverage upon moment of birth, or in case of adopted child, from the moment that the legal documents for adoption have been signed or any document stating that the responsibility for health care for the adopted is admitted by the individual adopting; and no plan contract shall be entered upon if there exist conditions in the plan that waive or disclaim or state any other terms of limitation that apply to newborn infants or to adopted children, and allowing the firms to either offer or not mental health and eye health services (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 1, A-G). The section 2 of the bill stipulates the conditions that plan holders have the freedom to choose the medical professional they prefer and that this selection would not be under the discretion of the health insurance firm provider, except for mental and vision health care professionals (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 2, A-D). The Section 3 of the bill reinforces that none of the provisions included in the bill supports or tolerates the performance of any medical activity by any licensed someone who does not have the capacity to do so,; the chosen medical or licensed professional should perform on that which is within the field of his or her specialization. The Section 4 of the Bill stipulates the definition of ‘marriage and family therapist’. The section states that the person should be a licensed professional who has received specific instructions that are equivalent with the instructions or learning required for the January 1, 1981 licensure test (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 4). This section 5 of the Bill requires that the vision and/ or mental health care professional to be chosen by the plan holder should be one that is affiliated with the health insurance provider (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 5). This section also suggests ready availability of psychologists provided by health insurance firms that offer mental services; however, the failure to comply does not constitute a crime (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 5). The Section 6 of the Bill states that the definition for ‘individual practice association’ adopted in the Bill is consistent with the definition used in the Sec. 1307 of the Federal Public health service Act (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 6). The rest of the bill also talks about that a child, 18 years of age and enrolled fulltime in secondary or post secondary school, and enrolled in a medical coverage remains to be eligible during break from schools (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 7); any child who takes medical leave from school and whose conditions render him physically incapable of maintaining self-employment, the provisions stipulated in (D) applies if the child is primarily dependent on the policy holder (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 6); requires that the health insurance firm informs about the termination of coverage if the child reaches appropriate age (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 7); submission of certification of the medical necessity for leave of absence is necessary to be made to the health care insurance firm within thirty days after the first day of the leave of absence (Legislative Counsel’s Digest, 2009, Sec. 7). 4. Promises/ Expected Outcome The promises and expected outcome of the bill would definitely be evident in the statistics concerning the number of young adults without insurance coverage. With the outright provision that lifts the age-limit and substitute it with longer age, the population of young adults without any insurance coverage will be decreased. The Bill also allows better access to health care options for this particular segment of people (young adults). It also relieves the parents the worries that in case of serious medical emergencies involving a young adult of their family, very high of the pocket costs would be required for medication. 5. Supporters of the bill This bill, with its current status of being ‘proposed’, receives a great deal of support from concerned individuals and different organizations. According to the Bill Analysis report, supporters of the proposal include â€Å"the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the California Commission on the Status of Women, the California Medical Association, and Health Access California †¦ American Federation of State, and County ad Municipal Employees† (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). These groups supporting the bill agree in two major points. Firstly, it is pointed out that the bill provides a very good channel for young adults who still rely upon their parents for financial assistance to remain covered by adequate health insurance coverage, especially at the current time when there is difficulty securing and maintaining health care coverage for this particular age group (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 4). Secondly, it is argued that the proposed provision that allows employees to shoulder premiums for the health care insurance coverage of their children who belong in this particular age range can be translated into additional revenues for the state, aside from the fact that there will be a peace of mind for parents that comes with the awareness that every member of their family is being adequately covered (Bill Analysis, 2009, pp. 4-5). 6. Opponents of the bill Not everyone welcomes the proposal of the bill though. According to the Bill Analysis Report, the opponents of the proposed bill include the representatives of health plans, health insurance firms, as well as employers. The arguments are always associated with financial risks and additional costs that the firms may incur once the bill is passed and implemented. These groups argue that the inclusions of this particular age group for eligibility to receive coverage under premiums paid for by their parents, until the age of 27, would only result to the conflict between the premiums and the existing federal tax rules referring to deductibility of taxes imposed on health insurance premiums (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5). More than that, however, the proposed bill does not give enough allowance of time and opportunity for the concerned parties (insurance provider firms and employers) to calculate and predict the risk and costs that they might incur when the extension for the eligibility for insurance coverage, under premiums paid for by the parents, for this particular age group is finally implemented (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5). These opponents that such drastic a change might result to employers totally waiving off the coverage for dependents completely due to increased costs and risks the bill can cause them to incur (Bill Analysis, 2009, p. 5). 7. Recommendation This bill contains provisions that, in my view, bring only positive contributions in improving the health care access to young adults. However, I need to agree with the insurance firms and employers that it does not seem to tackle the other side of the coin to make the arguments well-balanced. In other words, no attention has been given yet, neither is there any detail in the bill that indicates research has been done to ensure that risks and costs would not cause serious problems with insurance firms and companies in the future. References http://www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_29_bill_20090324_amended_asm_v98. html http://www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_29_cfa_20090326_100055_sen_comm. html http://www. leginfo. ca. gov/pub/09-10/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_29_cfa_20090413_093510_asm_comm. html http://www. leginfo. ca. gov/cgi-bin/postquery? bill_number=ab_29sess=CURhouse=Bauthor=price

Impact of Non-Financial Resources

Impact of Non-Financial Resources TASK 1. Physical resources are the tangible resources used in a certain company or an organization. These resources makes their work processes more appealing and efficient. One the other hand, technological resources are the resources in which an organization or company uses to promote and increase efficiency in the company, sometimes these technological resources can also be used for security purposes. The following are the physical and technological resources needed in Mohammed’s company dealing with advertising and publishing:- The physical resources needed are: a building or a rented shop. The location of this building has to be in an area where it is possible for people to notice the company. The best area is in Qurm since there are a lot of residential areas, schools and other companies around that area. It is a busy area so if the company is located that area, it has a high possibility of being known all over Muscat and in couple of years it will expand to all around Oman if the business goes as planned. He should rent a shop for a while until the business goes well and in the meantime he should continue finding another area of which he should have his own building and not rent for his whole life since his business won’t be small for life but expansion of his company is his mission in life. Furniture. Furniture such as office tables and chairs are essential in a company. These furniture are the ones that provide appealing environment for a customer when entering the office. For instance, a customer gets in the office and already explained his/her problems to the receptionist and was told to wait, he/she would definitely expect to see a sofa or a chair in which he/she can sit as he/she was told to wait. The work environment also needs these furniture since a computer cannot just stay on the floor and expect a customer to deal with that company after seeing that. Appearance of the work area by the use of furniture is an essential thing to consider when starting up a new business. Fahmy Furniture LLC is the best place to get these furniture from since they have good quality furniture with reasonable prices. Filing system is also needed in certain situations so, shelves are also appropriate and can be also found in this company. Toilet equipments. These are essential because every human has to visit the toilet eventually at any time. These can be kept in both male and female sections of the toilet since the toilet cannot be bisexual and used by both genders. These can be bought from any local dealers who have provide with good quality and affordable prices. Toilet equipments meaning sinks and the actual toilet in which a person uses for specific reasons and the sink to wash hands after the usage of the toilet since it is healthy to do so. Safety equipments. In any company, there always have to be safety precautions in case of any emergency occurs. Safety equipments such as fire extinguishers should be installed around the office in case of any fire outbreak that might happen. These fire extinguishers have to be the ones that can switch off fire of any class. In publishing, papers are needed so as to portray all the work that a person kept effort in when wanting to advertise something that a person hired the company for. These papers are special since publishing a pamphlet or brochure isn’t done by normal A4 papers but with a required paper material needed for the process to take place. These papers can be bought online or imported from out of Oman and reach the office for the publication to take place. The company should have a trademark and a copyright protection that will avoid other people to use the same mark as their own. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"Trademark law is designed to fulfill the public policy objective of consumer protection, by preventing the public from being misled as to the origin or quality of a product or service.† The Omani Copyrights laws will actually help in this kind of situation since whenever someone copyrights the company’s work, the company will always be protected by having the law on their side. Technological resources needed include communication devices such as telephones. These devices are important in a way that the company is able to communicate with their clients in the progress of their work. Also communication is available to those people who are interested in knowing more about the company and wanting to know where it is located and making appointments. A contract with Oman Mobile will be suitable since they provide better landline services than any other networks in Oman. Computers. Computers are needed for the operational activities of the company in the process of advertising and publishing what a client hired them for. These computers are installed with a publishing software which it makes it easier for the designer to complete his/her work in a short while. Bear, J.H (n.d), â€Å"Desktop publishing software allows the user to rearrange text and graphics on screen, change typefaces as easily as changing shoes, and resize graphics on the fly, before finally committing a design to paper.† Computers are used when designing features that can be kept in brochures and pamphlets. Websites. A website is there to provide awareness of the company’s information. Since the technology is developing and most people are always surfing the internets, it is easier for them to know about the company online than going to them and ask them about their information. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"Electronic publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed scientific journals are in the process of being replaced by electronic publishing. It is also becoming common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers through tablet reading devices, a market that is growing by millions each year,[1] generated by online vendors such as Apples iTunes bookstore, Amazons bookstore for Kindle, and books in the Google Play Bookstore.† Instagram accounts can be useful sometimes since it’s a new application and most people have it, they will be able to see the quality of publications and the previous contracts they had. Publication machines such as printers. These printers are used in the publication processes that requires brochures to be spread for the knowledge of what the client asked the company to advertise about. These publications act as an advertising tool and also advertising can be done through websites but all of these are choices done by the client himself/herself. Smoke detectors. In case of fire outbreak and nobody notices, the smoke detectors will detect the smoke since fire produces it. These smoke detectors will be installed with a water system which will automatically activate when there is fire in a certain area and an alarm will go on to alert the employees about it so they can put it off as soon as possible so as to avoid destruction of properties in the office. Projectors are needed so as to present what will be done to the clients. This presentation is to confirm what the company is doing and the client to say if it is okay or something else should be done with the publications and the advertising as per the contract agreement. Security cameras. These are to be installed so as to know every single person who came in the office and went out, and whenever something bad goes wrong such as theft, the cameras will definitely show you who did it since they record everything that’s happening in the office. In conclusion, the company will work according to efficiently since it has all the technological and physical resources. This will also depend on the human resources present in the company for the operations to work as planned. Without human resources, there won’t be a company since they are the ones responsible in operating all physical and technological resources. TASK 2. Human resource management is the process of hiring people who are qualified for a specific job. In order for Mohammed to manage the human resources, he should put job vacancies available for people to apply for. He can advertise them through newspapers, magazines or websites. Job descriptions and personal specifications are provided in these advertisements together with a job application form details on where to find them if they are not attached in the advertisement. After they apply, they are to go to the company for a job interview and go through a specific course if necessary. The person has to have all the necessary skills both personal and employability so as to get the job. If he/she passes the course, it is when he/she sits to discuss about the salary and starts to work after given a specific date to begin. Mohammed should know how to motivate his employees in remaining in the company for a long period of time. This process is called retention.Business Burrito (n.d), â€Å"When people arent motivated, they become less productive, less creative, less of an asset to your company.† He should have a promotion system by which an employee earns it for his/her hard work to the company. This will motivate other employees to work harder providing more work force to the company and the company to be known more by others and at the end they get their rewards on their hard work. Training should be provided to the employees through taking them to courses concerning a certain task since technology changes after a period of time. These courses can either be indoor or outdoor. Indoor meaning inside the country and city and outdoor meaning in a different country. Training Today (n.d),â€Å"Training is crucial because it: Educates workers about the effective use of technology, Ensures competitive edge in the market, Promotes safety and health among employees, Creates opportunities for career development and personal growth, an important factor in retaining workers Helps employers comply with laws and regulations, and Improves productivity and profitability† Through having this new knowledge on a certain job, it is easier for the company to attract more customers since the competitors won’t have the knowledge but when they know that the company has it and it is useful, they would go obtain the knowledge so as for the competition to be stable. Security guards are there to protect theft from happening. Competitors might act in unethical manner and hire people to steal things from the company and eventually getting them. Itcan happen when clients’ competitors would want to destroy the publications and eventually break in the company so as to get them. These guards are there to protect anything from happening to the company at any time. Physical resources are there to provide a good and appealing appearance to the society. These resources are noticed by people and they are satisfied by what they see so they agree to deal with the company. These people will spread the word to others and fortunately the company will gain more clients than before. The physical resources such as computers and printers makes work much easier and effective because they are essential in this kind of business that using free hands in drawing on papers and use them as publications to advertise to other people. This won’t generate a lot of clients because they would think that the company is too old fashioned and cannot afford the modern technology and has no knowledge of it. Technological resources improve the performance of a company in such a way that protection is provided to them through the security cameras and smoke detectors. This makes the work conditions safe for the employees to do their jobs without any threats coming between them. Having publication machinery makes it possible for work to be done in a certain period of time without asking other people to do it for you and pay them at the end. The machines help in production of the publication in a short period of time and get on with the next employee’s agreement. Good quality publications that are advertised can lead to the attraction of more customers into the company. Projectors will provide update to the clients through the presentation that is prepared by the company on what the company is getting at in the process of publication. The communication devices will make it possible for communications between the company and the customers when it comes to appointments and informing them on where the process of publishing and advertising has reached. This makes the customers to have trust which is a good thing and get to spread the word to others. In conclusion, all these human, physical and technological resources are very important things in a company. They cannot work without each other so without one, the other won’t work as effective as it used to be and the company won’t be successful as it hoped to be. TASK 3. It is true that managing resources and controlling budgets costs can improve the performance of the business. This happens when controlling a budget costs can also control the resources in a company which are all human, physical and technological resources. Consider human resources, instead of having more employees a company can only have two employees. Since Mohammed is the owner of the company, he has to recruit two employees who are able to do all the work needed in advertising and publications. Since the technology is growing, the only thing needed to know is how to design and put it out online for people to see it. They should have skills like sales and computer designs in conducting this kind of business. Courses are to be given to them if they lack one of these skills to reduce the cost of more employees and save money in paying more instead you just pay the two employees who keep working hand in hand helping each other. Online meaning in websites and mostly on Instagram since most people nowadays use most their time surfing the internet for information and some just for their own goods. When they see the advertisement, they wouldn’t mind looking at it and get a clear image of what the advertisement is about and maybe get interested in knowing more about it. In physical resources, the production of pamphlets and brochures should be stopped. The company has to stop the ordering of these papers used in the production process since they won’t be needed anymore. This will save more money because the cost of ordering these papers abroad includes the cost of shipping them and their prices are not cheap. Publication machinery won’t be of use since the production of brochures, flyers and pamphlets will be stopped. This is because due to the technology upraise, people read news and information online and not through papers as how it was few years back. In couple of years there will be no papers publications in advertising world so it’s better that the company starts that now. This will reduce the cost of buying machines and also the repairing and servicing of the machinery after a certain period of time. Technological resources are very hard to manage and control since they change every after a while and it is difficult to cope with it. Barton, R (2013), â€Å"Technology is innovating and expanding at an exponential rate. It’s difficult to grasp how dramatic is the growth of 2 x 2 x 2 x 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The only way that it’s possible to manage and control is by allowing the employees to get courses of these new technology in the world and eventually apply them in the operations of a company in advertising. Controlling resources will lead to managing the budget cost since he won’t paying more employees, not buying more machinery that would need services after a period of time and it also costs money. This money that will be saved can be invested in more of the company’s activities than using it in areas that might be of waste. These activities include expansion of the office to a better location or bigger office and getting known all around a targeted area. According to the consumption and saving of money during controlling and managing both resources and budget costs, it is the right way to conduct business since it makes the company get more than what it uses. Mohammed should consider doing this if he doesn’t want to have risks in his business operations since this will make him use less money and gain more than he expects. REFERENCES. Barton, R (2013). Technology’s Explosion: The Exponential Growth Rate. Retrieved on November 25, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.mstech.com/nh-it-blog.php?show=171 Bear, J.H (n.d). Why is Desktop Publishing Important? Retrieved on November 23, 2014. Retrieved from http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/beginners/f/why_dtp.htm Business Burrito (n.d). Employee Motivation. Why Motivating Your Employees is Important. Retrieved on November 24, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.businessburrito.com/why-is-employee-motivation-important.html Training Today (n.d). Employee Training. Retrieved on November 24, 2014. Retrieved from http://trainingtoday.blr.com/employee-training-topics/Employee-Training Wikipedia (n.d). Electronic Publishing. Overview. Retrieved on November 24, 2014. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing Wikipedia (n.d). Trademark. Public Policy. Retrieved on November 23, 2014. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark

My Philosophies on Leadership and Management Essay -- Leadership and M

Introduction Examples of sound leadership can be found in many places. I very much admire individuals in my life who exhibited extraordinary aptitude in creating influence. From our small-town pastor to my favorite elementary teacher, I have striven to catalyze the same type of positive change I found in these models with others around me looking for a source of leadership. Until the completion of this course, however, I did not have the theoretical knowledge to work proven leadership methods into my projects. The purpose of this overview will be an attempt to overlay leadership research paradigms gleaned through my time in this class onto my personal leadership and managerial philosophies. Perspective of Humankind People deserve to be treated fairly and justly. As a result of this conviction, a strong sense of ethics constitutes a major implication in my overall philosophy of leadership. It is imperative for leaders to involve themselves with followers and aid them in resolving personal issues regarding conflicting values (Burns, 1978). In order to bring a follower to a higher level of functioning, it is the respon ¬sibility of the leader to help followers assess their own ideals of equality, liberty, justice, and others. In my assumption, ethics is the central characteristic of the process of being a leader. Managerial Philosophy As a manager, success is most often measured by the achievement of organizational tasks. However, another element of managerial success that may be more difficult to quantify (but is no less vital) is how the leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. Measuring concern for production in tandem with concern for people was the product... ... Sage. Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types. New York: Harcourt Brace. Kogler-Hill, S. E. (2007). Team leadership. In P. G. Northouse (Ed.), Leadership: Theory and practice (4th ed., pp. 207–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648–657. Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (1989). Teamwork: What must go right/what can go wrong. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Levi, D. (2011). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team players and teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning orga ¬nization. New York: Doubleday. My Philosophies on Leadership and Management Essay -- Leadership and M Introduction Examples of sound leadership can be found in many places. I very much admire individuals in my life who exhibited extraordinary aptitude in creating influence. From our small-town pastor to my favorite elementary teacher, I have striven to catalyze the same type of positive change I found in these models with others around me looking for a source of leadership. Until the completion of this course, however, I did not have the theoretical knowledge to work proven leadership methods into my projects. The purpose of this overview will be an attempt to overlay leadership research paradigms gleaned through my time in this class onto my personal leadership and managerial philosophies. Perspective of Humankind People deserve to be treated fairly and justly. As a result of this conviction, a strong sense of ethics constitutes a major implication in my overall philosophy of leadership. It is imperative for leaders to involve themselves with followers and aid them in resolving personal issues regarding conflicting values (Burns, 1978). In order to bring a follower to a higher level of functioning, it is the respon ¬sibility of the leader to help followers assess their own ideals of equality, liberty, justice, and others. In my assumption, ethics is the central characteristic of the process of being a leader. Managerial Philosophy As a manager, success is most often measured by the achievement of organizational tasks. However, another element of managerial success that may be more difficult to quantify (but is no less vital) is how the leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. Measuring concern for production in tandem with concern for people was the product... ... Sage. Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types. New York: Harcourt Brace. Kogler-Hill, S. E. (2007). Team leadership. In P. G. Northouse (Ed.), Leadership: Theory and practice (4th ed., pp. 207–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648–657. Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (1989). Teamwork: What must go right/what can go wrong. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Levi, D. (2011). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team players and teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning orga ¬nization. New York: Doubleday.

Life Controlled by Media Results in False Knowledge Essay -- Fahrenhei

Life Controlled by Media Results in False Knowledge Fahrenheit 451 is a novel where the society eliminates unhappiness. The fire department starts fire instead of putting it out, because they burn books. The author is trying to show that life prohibited by community results in false knowledge of ourselves. Not everyone feels that way. So, some people go against the law and read books. Ray Bradbury shows the readers that there is always something wrong with perfect society. The society dislikes books because it makes them unhappy. For example, â€Å"Mrs. Phelps was crying. The others in the middle of the dessert watched her crying grow very loud as her face squeezed itself out of shape† (Bradbury 100). This shows that when Montag read a poem to Millie’s friends, the misery of the poem got one of them to cry. This is because they don’t know how to accept the truth and grief. In addition, Beatty said â€Å"You can’t rid yourselves of all the odd ducks in just a few years† (Bradbury 60).This shows that people even try to remove people that are weird but didn’t do anything wrong. This is because once again they try to make the society as perfect as they can. As a result, they can do some pretty cruel stuff to make life better for them. The more people read the more knowledge they have but not everyone. For example, â€Å"If anything should happen to Harris you are the book of Ecclesiastes† (Bradbury 151). This shows that Montag is smart and has knowledge of what’s going on. This is b...

Language Development in Hearing-impaired Children Essay -- Linguistics

This had to be the hardest paper that I have written here at Ashford. I think a lot had to do with finding four articles that I could really relate to. Well, then again finding the articles that interested me the most in one of the following areas: cognitive development, language development, social development, or memory and the brain in children and infants. Most students would say that this is easy, however, my situation is not like most students. I have a 6 year old little girl, named Racine, that is my true inspiration. She is the reason why I am here at Ashford and deciding my major. The reason why I bring my daughter up in this paper is because all of the area I have to write about really concern her. Racine is hearing impaired and will most likely be deaf by the age of 10 years old. This is very said for our family. However, the hardest part is not her losing her hearing but it is everything else with her learning. Racine has all of the above issues we are suppose to write our paper about. However, her two major issues , along with the hearing loss, are cognitive development and language development. With you knowing a little about Racine, I would like to go a little out of the box. What I mean by this is that I have read all kinds of articles and research on these two different developmental areas and there really is not a lot dealing with hearing loss associated with them. Within doing my research for this paper I have found that children who experience hearing loss tend to speak in three specific ways. These ways includes American Sign Language, either using aural- oral communication, or simultaneous. Children with hearing loss have to develop communication skills through the value of their eyes rather than the... ... from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/hearing_impairment.htm Causes of Hearing Loss in Children. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/causes.htm Children with Hearing Loss A Family Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.he ENT: Ear Nose & Throat - Specialists of Northwestern Pennsylvania. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ent-specialists.net/childhearingloss2.phparingproblems.com/Children_with_Hearing_Loss_Family_Guide_Summary.htm Child Hearing Loss by Kristin Mulcahy.doc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/EC/childhearingloss.doc Different Types Of Hearing Loss. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/hearingloss/HL_types.html NPC Quietnet: Quiet Classrooms: Paper on Hearing Loss in Children. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nonoise.org/quietnet/qc/workshop/2paaa2_1.htm

Laws of Migration Essay

Mr. E.G. Ravenstein established a theory of human migration in the 1880s that still forms the basis for modern migration theory. He called it the â€Å"Laws of Migration†, which the books have divided them into three general categories: characteristics of migrants, patterns of migration, and volume of migration. I believe people move for a variety of reasons, but his philosophies were basic on census results over time which makes it very creditable to me and these tendencies of migration still show currently. I will discuss, in the next few paragraphs, my reasoning of why I agree with Mr. Ravenstein â€Å"laws of migration†, and how those laws still apply today. The first general category is characteristic of migrants, which is described by the book as â€Å"selective†. I understand this category as the people that want to or the people that are forces to leave their homeland because of a major circumstance, not everyone wants to leave their homes. Religious or political reasons appear to be at the top of the list. For example, Cuba has a communist government that forces people to agree with the government. Where people do not agree with the government’s views or decisions they are not allowed to express their opinion. People from Cuba are force to leave the island if the government finds that they are looking for options to leave or trying to take action against the government. On the other hand, there are people in Cuba that are happy with the government. They do not have any decider to leave the island. They also like the rules in place for the community and believed that everyone should follow them. Another general category that the book describes is patters of immigration. I see this category as the pull factor describes on page 17 as â€Å"to those attractive forces emanating from the migrants’ goal that draws migrants†. I see the pull factor as the idea of people to emerge from poverty or the inabili ty to use acquired professional skills. This concept still happens today, my own experience is a clear example of it. In the years 1999 to 2006 Argentina reached an economic crisis, the patters at the time was to come to the United States because the better future was here. My mother and I came to the United States back in 2000 from Argentina. One of the reasons that my mother decided to come to the United State was for a better future for me. I attended Miami Beach Senior High school, where I found a group of kids that were from Argentina. Their parents had decided to come to the U.S. for their better future. There were many people in Argentina with professional degrees but not many with good jobs. My mother and those kids parents were persuade by the idea that having a degree in the United States was more valued that a degree from my country. The last general category is volume of migration which I can relate to the availability of affordable transportation and other advantages related to globalization and advances in technology, many recent immigrants are not forced to sever ties with the families they leave behind. People consider the advantages and disadvantages of staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers before moving. For example, the volume of migrants that comes from Mexico every day to make money or to achieve a better standard of leaving. They still provide for their families in Mexico but they believed working in the U.S. is far more effective, easier, and produce way more money in a short period of time. In conclusion, I agree with Mr. Ravenstein â€Å"laws of migration† because I can relate his philosophy to today’s world and still see the same reasoning. Cuba, Argentina and Mexico are a clear example of his migration point of view.

Food Retail in Europe

application PROFILE aliment sell in atomic number 63 Reference Code 0201-2058 publishing Date June 2010 www. selective learningmonitor. com Datamonitor regular army 245 Fifth highway 4th Floor unusedfangled-made York, NY hundred16 USA t +1 212 686 7400 f +1 212 686 2626 e emailprotected com Datamonitor europium 119 Farringdon Road capital of the fall in Kingdom EC1R 3DA United Kingdom t +44 20 7551 9000 f +44 20 7675 7500 e emailprotected com Datamonitor Middle East and compass north America Datamonitor PO Box 24893 Dubai, UAE t +49 69 9754 4517 f +49 69 9754 4900 e emailprotected datamonitor. om Datamonitor Asia Pacific calculate 46, 2 Park Street Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia t +61 2 8705 6900 f +61 2 8705 6901 e emailprotected com europium nutrient sell Datamonitor. This pen is a authorise yieldion and is non to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 rascal 1 administrator SUMMARY executive SUMMARY securities manufacture place The atomic number 63an nourishme nt sell labor grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to bring in a prize of $1,663. 1 one thousand thousand. Market survey count In 2014, the atomic number 63an aliment sell constancy is visualise to constitute a jimmy of $2,477. trillion, an increase of 49% since 2009. Market section I Hyper technicalizes, super commercialises, and throw outers gross sales marchd the strong-nigh lucrative for the atomic number 63an nutriment sell constancy in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 one one thousand zillion one thousand meg, equivalent to 48% of the labors eitherwhere both value. Market pieceation II Germ just nearly(prenominal) accounts for 14. 1% of the atomic number 63an sustenance sell effort value. Market contest The sedulousness is becoming consolidated with whopping chain of mountains super grocery stores or hypermarkets preserveing to a greater extent exponent all over little specialty, lavishness or original pabulum for thought outlets.atomic number 63 sustenance sell Datamonitor. This compose is a commissioned harvest-tide and is non to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 foliate 2 t competent of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY feed harvest-home OVERVIEW Market commentary Research highlights Market analysis bargain judge market place SEGMENTATION I MARKET SEGMENTATION II louver FORCES abbreviation succinct Buyer federal agency supplier source New entrants Substitutes disputation star COMPANIES thermionic vacuum tube AG convergence S. A.Lidl Dienstleistung Tesco PLC MARKET FORECASTS Market value prospect addendum Methodology manufacture associations associate Datamonitor research Disclaimer 2 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 21 25 29 30 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 atomic number 63 feed sell Datamonitor. This pen is a certify harvest and is non to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 foliate 3 CONTENTS ABOUT DATAMONITOR Premium Reports Summary Reports Datamonitor consulting 3 8 38 38 38 Europe sustenance for thought sell Datamonitor. This compose is a authorize yield and is non to be photocopied 201 2058 2009 knave 4 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES get crosswise 1 disconcert 2 skirt 3 remit 4 prorogue 5 slacken 6 defer 7 dishearten 8 check over 9 tabularize 10 control board 11 control board 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Europe provender sell effort value $ cardinal, 200509(e) Europe viands sell intentness segmentation I% sh atomic number 18, by value, 2009(e) Europe regimen sell persistence segmentation II % sh be, by value, 2009(e) thermionic valve AG happen upon facts thermionic vacuum tube AG backbone monetarys ($) underpass AG mainstay financials () subway system AG happen upon financial dimensions carrefour S.A. contrastingiate facts point of intersection S. A. key financials ($) crossroad S. A. key financials () convergence S. A. key financial ratios Lidl Dienstleistung key facts Tesco PLC key facts Tesco PLC key financials ($) Tesco PLC key financials (? ) Tesco PLC key financial ratios Europe fare sell attention value forecast $ billion, 200914 10 11 12 21 22 22 23 25 27 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 34 Europe intellectual nourishment sell Datamonitor. This visibleness is a licenced output and is non to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 knave 5 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES presage 1 fancy 2 judge 3 elaborate 4 picture 5 augur 6 guess 7 Europe aliment retail patience value $ billion, 200509(e) Europe sustenance retail intentness segmentation I% share, by value, 2009(e) Europe food for thought retail labor segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) Forces driving ompetition in the food retail assiduity in Europe, 2009 Drivers of buyer exponent in the food retail labor in Europe, 2009 Drivers of supplier originator in the food retail sedulousness in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the similarlihood of untested entrants in the food retail ap plication in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the bane of substitutes in the food retail fabrication in Europe, 2009 Drivers of computer storagey of rivalry in the food retail sedulousness in Europe, 2009 Metro AG revenues & profitability Metro AG assets & liabilities cross S.A. revenues & profitability crossbreeding S. A. assets & liabilities Tesco PLC revenues & profitability Tesco PLC assets & liabilities Europe food retail pains value forecast $ billion, 200914 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 23 24 28 28 32 33 34 put d induce 8 exercise 9 externalize 10 plan 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Europe solid food retail Datamonitor. This pen is a pass overlap and is non to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 rogue 6 MARKET OVERVIEW MARKET OVERVIEW Market expositionThe food retail market includes the retail sales of all food results, both packaged and unpackaged, as intumesce(p) as beverages (including retail sales of all alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages). altogether on- barter sales of food and beverage are excluded. All notes conversions are calculated at immutable average 2009 exchange rates. For the purposes of this newspaper, Europe consists of horse opera Europe and eastern Europe. Western Europe comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germ or so(prenominal), Italy, the spread noticeherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Eastern Europe comprises the Czechoslovakian Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine.Europe victuals sell Datamonitor. This visibility is a licenced fruit and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 foliate 7 MARKET OVERVIEW Research highlights The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,663. 1 billion in 2009, planting a obscure annual maturation rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the geological period spanning 2005-2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and entailmenters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 20 09, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industrys overall value. The consummation of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an expect CAGR of 8. % for the five family period 2009-2014, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the end of 2014. Europe forage retail Datamonitor. This pen is a authorize return and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 pageboy 8 MARKET OVERVIEW Market analysis The European food retail industry has see very grueling harvesting in recent social classs and the forecast is for this to softly accelerate towards 2014. The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,663. 1 billion in 2009, representing a complex annual fruit rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the period spanning 2005-2009.In comparison, the German and UK industries grew with CAGRs of 2. 1% and 4. 2% respectively, over the analogous period, to sink in respective determine of $234. 8 billion and $186. 1 bil lion in 2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industrys overall value. In comparison, public toilet stores and foul up stations generated sales of $381. 3 billion in 2009, equating to 22. 9% of the industrys conglomerate revenues. The per realiseance of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 8. % for the five socio-economic class period 2009-2014, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the end of 2014. Comparatively, the German and UK industries go away grow with CAGRs of 2. 5% and 3. 4% respectively, over the same period, to r from each one respective values of $265. 5 billion and $219. 4 billion in 2014. Europe aliment retail Datamonitor. This profile is a authorize reaping and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 rapscallion 9 MARKET VALUE MARKET VALUE The European food retail industry grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to reach a value of $1,663. 1 billion.The conglomerate annual harvesting rate of the industry in the period 200509 was 7. 4%. Table 1 form 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009(e) CAGR 200509 boodleing time Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) $ billion 1,248. 6 1,321. 6 1,412. 4 1,533. 3 1,663. 1 billion 897. 9 950. 4 1,015. 8 1,102. 7 1,196. 1 % Growth 5. 8 6. 9 8. 6 8. 5 7. 4% DATAMONITOR Figure 1 Europe food retail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) antecedent Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe diet retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licence intersection pointion and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 varlet 10 MARKET SEGMENTATION IMARKET SEGMENTATION I Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters is the largest segment of the food retail industry in Europe, accounting for 48% of the industrys total value. The gismo stores & gas stations segment accounts for a boost 22. 9% of the indu stry. Table 2 Category Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters Convenience Stores & Gas displace fodder and Drinks Specialists Drug Stores & Health and looker Stores bills & Carries & Warehouse Clubs Other list source Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation I% share, by value, 2009(e) % Share 48. 0% 22. 9% 14. 9% 3. 4% 1. 4% 9. 4% 100% DATAMONITORFigure 2 Europe food retail industry segmentation I% share, by value, 2009(e) etymon Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe feed sell Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 knave 11 MARKET SEGMENTATION II MARKET SEGMENTATION II Ger galore(postnominal) accounts for 14. 1% of the European food retail industry value. France accounts for a further 13. 5% of the European industry. Table 3 Category Germ some(prenominal) France Italy United Kingdom Spain Rest of Europe aggregate kickoff Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) % Shar e 14. % 13. 5% 12. 2% 11. 2% 7. 8% 41. 1% 100% DATAMONITOR Figure 3 Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) obtain Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food sell Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 rascal 12 louvre FORCES ANALYSIS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS The food retail market go forth be analyzed taking supermarkets, hypermarkets and specializer retailers as players. The key buyers leave be taken as end-consumers, and food manufacturers, farmers, rustic co-operatives as the key suppliers. SummaryFigure 4 Forces driving competition in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 stem Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The industry is becoming consolidated with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets wielding more than power over smaller specialty, highlife or constituent(a) food outlets. In our analysis of the global food retail industry, retailers such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and specialist outle ts, testament be taken as industry players and end-consumers will be understood as buyers. With a consort of different players deep d accept the industry, the size and financial strength of each varies accordingly.With consumers generally facing no cheering switch be, this buyer mobility forces bigger retailers to find attractive pricing schemes. Specialist, luxury, or essential retailers do not fount the same wrong sensitivity imputable to the incomparable level of product differentiation, yet due to the nature of such products, they exist more as niche markets and are not able to secure a large glitz of consumers. Specialist outlets may fill no choice barely to feed to pertinacious term supplier contracts in order to secure a unbendable supply of quality or particularly prepared products.Whereas, supermarkets and hypermarkets have a higher(prenominal) number of options and posterior hold looser relationships with a larger number of suppliers. Europe Food retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 13 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Where mark products attract loyal consumers, the distribution comport for manufacturers is protected and retailers face pressure to argumentation the popular items. With established supermarkets and hypermarkets present, say-so new entrants may struggle to compete with high-pressure marketing and pricing policies.No kaleheless, relatively let loose entry and exit be in spite of appearance the industry and the emergence of thriving wellness and ethical niches run examples of possible niches in which new entrants may flourish furnish from direct competition with current players. Food service (takeaways, vendors and restaurants) weed be seen as a substitute to food retail products still for the vast absolute majority of community it currently exists as an occasional coincidence earlier than a wholesale alternative. Subsistence commonwealth is a m ore direct substitute, sometimes replacing standard retail carriage outright, yet it is no longer common.The absence of switching costs for consumers ensures a agonistical climate within the food retail industry. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 14 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Buyer power Figure 5 Drivers of buyer power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 seminal fluid Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Retailers range broad(a)ly in size with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets such as Tesco and Metro AG wielding power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets whose plumpling bag on the industry is real but currently limited.Accordingly, the financial muscle of industry players differs depending on the type of player. The sheer volume of potential nodes in key areas of the food retail industry diminishes the standing of some(prenominal) individual exerciseer. The revenue generate d by any particular consumer is minimal, but collectively they represent wider consumer interests and retailers cannot afford to disregard the sensitivities of buyers. Price and convenience are two central concerns however they are not necessarily the precept factors. A rise in wellness sense has driven a reading demand for nutritional quality in food products.The culture of convenience at a time faces the challenge of a counter-trend in which a shift back towards reinvigorated, simple or traditionally prepared foods undermines the retail put down of frozen foods and similar products. The emergence and development of ethical niches adds further momentum to this fecal matter within the industry. The response of food retailers must(prenominal) accommodate such diverse interests. A number of retailers operate incentive schemes for shit shoppers and this can help secure customer retention. By discouraging driftment crossways retail outlets, consumer mobility is reduced and, in the long term, buyer power can be weakened.Although high brand recognition does not automatically translate into consumer loyalty, if it is supported by a product range in which popular food products are central, the retailer can Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 15 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS oft top indirectly on the loyalty dwelling that manufacturers have established. Specialty, luxury or organic retailers can, due to the high level of product differentiation, justify price levels that would otherwise be unsustainable yet the limited volume of consumers places restraints on the power of such players.Buyer power overall is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 16 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Supplier power Figure 6 Drivers of supplier power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 germ Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Suppliers to the food retail industry include food manufacturers, farmers, and untaught co-operatives. In order to ensure stableness and offset the dangers of local sourcing problems or price fluctuations, large retail companies often bind relationships with a wide range of suppliers.This diffuses habituation, minimizing the risks to retailers and strengthen their standing in relation to their suppliers. enormous term contractual obligations are avoided where possible, and switching costs kept to a minimum. With a firm hold on key distribution channels, the leadership retailers can govern negotiations with certain suppliers. This is often difficult for smaller retailers such as specialist, luxury or organic outlets. The limited number of suppliers in niche areas and the centrality of product quality or preparation type limits the for sale range of sourcing options.With switching costs subsequently higher, the balance of power shifts more or less from smaller retailers to sp ecialist suppliers. Whilst the need to quit consumer demand for popular products bolsters manufacturers, many others face the problem of a high degree of retailer mobility as they switch suppliers in accordance with pricing pressures. The position of many large retail companies has similarly been strengthened internally with a surge of own brand products sidelining certain suppliers. Suppliers who are able to distinguish their product can wield some power over retailers, should their product be popular with the end consumer.Supplier power overall is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 17 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS New entrants Figure 7 Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 bloodline Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Large-scale, established retailers hold a natural advantage in operating problemes that benefit significantly from economies of sc ale, employing rough pricing schemes that cannot be marked by smaller retailers. Strong branding exercises and disruptive paced amplification deepen this asymmetry.Nevertheless, large retailers are not invulnerable to the threat of new entrants. top and entry costs within the industry are relatively low, encouraging potential entrants. The rapid growth of health consciousness and a swell of ethical goods form attractive avenues for new entrants seeking to move into a niche area that passing plays implicit in(p) protection from pricing pressures and mainstream marketing. Given the front end of many large-scale retailers, and the security of dull branding, direct head-to-head competition is highly difficult for new retailers. Strong growth makes the market attractive to prospective new entrants.Overall, the threat of new entrants is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 18 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Substitutes Figure 8 Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The chief alternative to food retail is food service. Supported by salutary marketing campaigns in the case of fast food companies, and cultural traditions with respect to baby-sit restaurants, both types represent a pertinent alternative for many consumers.However, for the vast majority of people, these ac association food retail rather than replace it. A more direct substitute is found in subsistence tillage in which individuals or families farm food to provide for their own personal needs. This is no longer common, however, since the emergence of market capitalist economy and the impact of this substitute on food retail is fractional. Environmental concerns, increasing health consciousness, and fears over political or sparing instability may, in the long term, befuddle this substitute a more significant role.However, it is un likely to threaten food retailers in the foreseeable future being both labor intensive and often involving appreciable start-up capital. The threat from substitutes is weak to moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 19 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS aspiration Figure 9 Drivers of degree of rivalry in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Competition is often fierce within the food retail industry.The lack of substantial switching costs for consumers places pressure on retailers to secure their custom and loyalty. The limited level of differentiation across the basal product range pushes larger retailers into competitive pricing policies. The close similarity of players increases rivalry as they attempt to differentiate themselves through products and price to attract customers. Whilst some companies operate in other industries and can absorb the temporary impact of d eclining food sales, or high supply prices, for many, ood retail lies at the heart of the telephone line. This basic dependency gives rise to aggressive competition. Rivalry is strong overall. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 20 trail COMPANIES steer COMPANIES Metro AG Table 4 Metro AG key facts Schluterstrasse 1, 40235 Dusseldorf, DEU 49 211 6886 4252 49 211 6886 2001 www. metro pigeonholing. de December MEOG capital of Kentucky DATAMONITOR transport voice Telephone fax Website Financial year-end Ticker ancestry exchange Source social club websiteMetro assemblage (Metro) is a German divvy up and retail phoner organized into breakaway sales divisions. The group operates 2,195 outlets with or so 12,350,000 upstanding meters of selling quadruplet. It has a bearing in 33 countries in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. The alliance employs rough 300,000 people. Metro ope rates in four business segments Metro property & Carry, very, Media Markt and Saturn and Galeria Kaufhof. Metro Cash & Carry is diligent in cash and stretch forth wholesaling. operational under the brands of Metro and Makro, it is the groups biggest sales division.Metro Cash & Carrys medley of products is aimed at commercial and wholesale customers. It operates 665 stores in 30 countries. Real offers a range of food products and an assortment of non-food items. The selling space of the Real stores ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 upstanding meters, with store assortments including up to 80,000 items. Real is ground on a large-format hypermarket concept and operates 333 hypermarkets in Germany and 108 stores in Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine. Media Markt and Saturn sell consumer electronics across Europe. GaleriaKaufhof operates a chain of department stores in Germany and Belgium. The department stores offer modern lifestyle apparels for men and women and are pre sent in shop areas and downtown centers. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 21 leaders COMPANIES In supplement to these divisions, Metro provides real estate circumspection go through its subsidiary, Metro Group plus Management. The caller oversees more than 750 properties totaling viii one million million million square meters of commercial space worldwide.It also operates more than 70 shopping centers. Key Metrics The society enter revenues of $91,119 million in the financial year ending December 2009, a fall down of 3. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its crystalise income was $722 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $776 million in the preceding year. Table 5 $ million Metro AG key financials ($) 2005 77,482. 1 902. 4 40,000. 8 32,613. 0 246,875 2006 83,266. 6 1,658. 9 44,702. 2 36,293. 7 263,794 2007 89,461. 3 1,366. 9 47,099. 4 38,048. 6 275,520 2008 94,493. 6 775. 9 47 ,034. 0 38,941. 3 290,940 2009 91,118. 8 721. 7 46,814. 3 46,814. 286,091 tax revenues dinero income (loss) core assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 6 million Metro AG key financials () 2005 55,722. 0 649. 0 28,767. 0 23,454. 0 2006 59,882. 0 1,193. 0 32,148. 0 26,101. 0 2007 64,337. 0 983. 0 33,872. 0 27,363. 0 2008 67,956. 0 558. 0 33,825. 0 28,005. 0 2009 65,529. 0 519. 0 33,667. 0 33,667. 0 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 22LEADING COMPANIES Table 7 proportion Metro AG key financial ratios 2005 1. 2% 4. 2% 1. 5% (0. 2%) 81. 5% 2. 3% $313,851 $3,655 2006 2. 0% 7. 5% 11. 8% 11. 3% 81. 2% 3. 9% $315,650 $6,289 2007 1. 5% 7. 4% 5. 4% 4. 8% 80. 8% 3. 0% $324,700 $4,961 2008 0. 8% 5. 6% (0. 1%) 2. 3% 82. 8% 1. 6% $324,787 $2,667 2009 0. 8% (3. 6%) (0. 5%) 20. 2% 1 00. 0% 1. 5% $318,496 $2,523 advantage shore Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio conk on assets Revenue per employee pull in per employee Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 10 Metro AG revenues & profitabilitySource company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 23 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 11 Metro AG assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 24 LEADING COMPANIES hybridization S. A. Table 8 intersection S. A. key facts 26 quai Michele, TSA 20016, 92695 Levallois-Perret Cedex, FRA 33 1 55 63 39 00 www. carrefour. com December CA genus Paris DATAMONITOR send office Telephone Website Financial year-end Ticker Stock exchange Source company website convergence is one of the take food product and consumer goods di stribution groups in the world. The group operates more than 15,000 stores. interbreedings special grocery formats includes hypermarkets, supermarkets, fleshy discount and convenience stores. Carrefour in the beginning organizes its business segments based on geographical presence France Europe excluding France Asia and Latin America. In step-up, the groups business operation can be segmented on the basis of its store formats (as mentioned in the previous paragraph).Carrefour is the conduct hypermarket retailer in the world. The group operates round 1,302 hypermarket stores across the world, of which 228 hypermarkets are in France, 494 in European countries outside France, 288 in Latin America, and 292 in Asia. In Brazil, the group operates its hypermarket business under the Atacadao brand name these hypermarkets offer a range of competitively priced companyowned and mark products in both food and non-food categories. In addition, the hypermarkets also offer operate like i nsurance, financial services, plaza computer support, travel and entertainment reservations and winding phones.The group operates approximately 2,919 supermarket stores in 11 countries under the banners Carrefour Express, Carrefour market, GB, GS and Champion. The supermarkets offer a wide distinguishion of mostly food products and some non-food products related to apparel, culture and leisure, and tableware. Carrefours hard discount segment, Dia, operates just well-nigh 6,252 hard discount stores in Spain, France (under Ed and Dia brands), Portugal (under Minipreco brand), Greece, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil and China. The groups hard discount stores offer a range of food, basic health, and cleaning products at discounted rates. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 25 LEADING COMPANIES The groups other activities comprise convenience stores, cash and carry foodservice stores, and ecommerce retail fo rmat. Carrefour operates about 4,813 convenience stores and gross cash and carry stores. Convenience stores are mainly operated by the franchisees under the banners Marche Plus, Shopi, 8 a Huit and Proxi in France DiperDi in Italy Carrefour Express and Carrefour GB in Belgium Carrefour 5 Minut stores in Poland Carrefour City stores in Spain and Carrefour accessible Buy in Thailand.These stores primarily offer a wide selection of food products these also offer a range of services such as home delivery, dry cleaning, 48-hour photo development, ticket distribution, photocopying, stamps and newspapers. Cash and carry foodservice stores provide wholesale and retail self-service mainly intended for businesses. Carrefour operates cash and carry foodservice stores under the trade name Promocash. Most of the cash and carry stores are operated by franchisees. In addition to the above mentioned store formats, Carrefour also sells its products through various ecommerce websites.Carrefour opera tes an online grocery store, Ooshop, a leading French online supermarket in terms of sales. It supports customers to shop on the Internet, and select from product listings including fresh and frozen items, at the same price as they would devote in Carrefours hypermarkets, with the added benefit of home delivery. Carrefour France hypermarkets non-food website, CarrefourOnline. com, offers products such as leisure products (DVDs, games, software, music, books and more), audio preserve and video, household electrical goods, as well as music downloads and even blush and bicycle delivery.Carrefour. es, the groups e-commerce website in Spain, offers both food and non-food products. Key Metrics The company preserve revenues of $119,533 million in the fiscal year ending December 2009, a diminish of 2. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $608 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $2,140 million in the preceding year. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This prof ile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 26 LEADING COMPANIES Table 9 $ million Carrefour S. A. key financials ($) 2005 116,399. 7 2,199. 8 64,311. 1 51,259. 436,474 2006 121,561. 3 3,381. 2 66,093. 8 48,356. 4 456,295 2007 128,305. 2 3,447. 4 72,212. 0 57,385. 0 490,042 2008 122,678. 1 2,139. 7 72,420. 6 57,191. 7 495,000 2009 119,532. 5 607. 7 71,685. 0 56,229. 5 495,000 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 10 million Carrefour S. A. key financials () 2005 83,710. 0 1,582. 0 46,250. 0 36,864. 0 2006 87,422. 0 2,431. 6 47,532. 0 34,776. 0 2007 92,272. 0 2,479. 2 51,932. 0 41,269. 0 2008 88,225. 2 1,538. 8 52,082. 0 41,130. 0 2009 85,963. 0 437. 0 51,553. 0 40,438. 0Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 11 Ratio Carrefour S. A. key financial ratios 2005 1. 9% 2. 8% 9. 4% 7. 5% 79. 7% 3. 6% $266,682 $5,040 2006 2. 8% 4. 4% 2. 8% (5. 7%) 73. 2% 5. 2% $266,409 $7,410 2007 2. 7% 5. 5% 9. 3% 18. 7% 79. 5% 5. 0% $261,825 $7,035 2008 1. 7% (4. 4%) 0. 3% (0. 3%) 79. 0% 3. 0% $247,835 $4,323 2009 0. 5% (2. 6%) (1. 0%) (1. 7%) 78. 4% 0. 8% $241,480 $1,228 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source company filingsDATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 27 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 12 Carrefour S. A. revenues & profitability Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 13 Carrefour S. A. assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 28 LEADING COMPANIES Lidl Dienstleistung Table 12 Lidl Dienstleistung key facts Rotelstrasse 30, 74166 Neckarsulm, DEU 49 732 30 6060 www. idl. de December DA TAMONITOR Head office Telephone Website Financial year-end Source company website Lidl & Schwarz Stiftung (Lidl) operates a chain of grocery stores. The company primarily operates in Europe. Lidl operates about 6,800 deep-discount department stores and no-frills Lidl supermarkets throughout Europe. In Germany it operates about 3,100 stores. The company offers about 800 different products in its stores mostly under Lidls own brand. These include dairy products, frozen foods, sausages, fresh meat and poultry, fruit and veg delivered fresh every day, and a range of breads.Lidl is also expanding its presence into Denmark, Hungary, Norway, and Slovenia. Key Metrics Financial randomness for this company is unavailable. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 29 LEADING COMPANIES Tesco PLC Table 13 Head office Telephone Website Financial year-end Ticker Stock exchange Source company website Tesco PLC key facts New Tesco House, Delamare Road, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, EN8 9SL, GBR 44 1992 632 222 www. tescoplc. com February TSCO London DATAMONITOR Tesco is a leading food and grocery retailer.The company operates 4,331 stores in 14 countries worldwide. It operates in the UK, other European countries, the US and Asia. The company operates in a mavin segment retail. However, Tescos operations can be examined by the store formats operated by it Express, Metro, Superstore, additional and Homeplus. The company has over 960 Express stores (up to 3,000 sq ft) offer fresh food at satisfied locations. These stores sell a range of up to 7,000 products including fresh find, wines and spirits and bakery products. The company has over 170 Metro stores (approximately 7,000-15,000 sq ft) in town and city centre locations.It offers a tailored range of food products including ready-meals and sandwiches. Tesco operates about 450 superstores (approximately 20,000-50,000 sq ft) at which it offers food as well non-food products such as DVDs and books. Tescos Homeplus stores (approx. 35,000-50,000 sq ft) are utilise to non-food including clothing. Tesco has more than 175 Extra stores (approximately 60,000 sq ft and above) which offer a variety of food and non-food product lines ranging from electrical equipment to homewares, clothing, health and beauty, and seasonal items such as garden furniture.Additionally, about 115 Extra and Homeplus stores have opticians and around 270 of them have pharmacies. In addition to stores, Tesco offers sell services through its online shopping channels, tesco. com and Tesco Direct. The company also provides broadband internet connections (Tesco broadband) and telecommunications services (Tesco Mobile and Home Phone) through a 50-50 joint venture with O2, a mobile phone company. Tesco also provides financial services through Tesco Personal Finance (TPF) which offers a choice of 28 products ranging from savings accounts and mention cards to car and t ravel insurance.All its financial products are also available for online purchase. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 30 LEADING COMPANIES Key Metrics The company save revenues of $84,676 million in the fiscal year ending February 2009, an increase of 14. 9% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $3,376 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $3,320 million in the preceding year. Table 14 $ million Tesco PLC key financials ($) 2005 57,602. 2 3,042. 4 31,811. 6 17,695. 242,980 2006 67,234. 5 3,553. 7 35,167. 3 20,447. 6 273,024 2007 66,461. 4 2,959. 8 38,664. 9 22,188. 6 318,283 2008 73,720. 0 3,319. 9 47,014. 4 28,463. 7 345,737 2009 84,675. 6 3,376. 0 71,779. 5 52,460. 3 364,015 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 15 ? million Tesco PLC key financials (? ) 2005 36,957. 0 1,952. 0 20,410. 0 11,353. 0 2006 43,1 37. 0 2,280. 0 22,563. 0 13,119. 0 2007 42,641. 0 1,899. 0 24,807. 0 14,236. 0 2008 47,298. 0 2,130. 0 30,164. 0 18,262. 0 2009 54,327. 0 2,166. 46,053. 0 33,658. 0 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 31 LEADING COMPANIES Table 16 Ratio Tesco PLC key financial ratios 2005 5. 3% 10. 1% 10. 9% 6. 4% 55. 6% 10. 1% $237,066 $12,521 2006 5. 3% 16. 7% 10. 5% 15. 6% 58. 1% 10. 6% $246,259 $13,016 2007 4. 5% (1. 1%) 9. 9% 8. 5% 57. 4% 8. 0% $208,812 $9,299 2008 4. 5% 10. 9% 21. 6% 28. 3% 60. 5% 7. 7% $213,226 $9,602 2009 4. % 14. 9% 52. 7% 84. 3% 73. 1% 5. 7% $232,616 $9,274 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 14 Tesco PLC revenues & profitability Source company filings DATAMON ITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 32 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 15 Tesco PLC assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor.This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 33 MARKET FORECASTS MARKET FORECASTS Market value forecast In 2014, the European food retail industry is forecast to have a value of $2,477. 4 billion, an increase of 49% since 2009. The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 200914 is predicted to be 8. 3%. Table 17 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 CAGR 200914 Source Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 $ billion 1,663. 1 1,811. 4 1,978. 0 2,161. 3 2,359. 7 2,477. billion 1,196. 1 1,302. 7 1,422. 5 1,554. 3 1,697. 0 1,781. 6 % Growth 8. 5% 8. 9% 9. 2% 9. 3% 9. 2% 5. 0% 8. 3% DATAMONITOR Figure 16 Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 34 APPENDIX APPENDIX Methodology Datamonitor Industry Profiles spend a penny on huge primary and alternative research, all aggregated, analyzed, cross-checked and presented in a reproducible and accessible style.Review of in-house databases Created using 250,000+ industry interviews and consumer surveys and supported by analysis from industry experts using highly complex manikin & prevision tools, Datamonitors in-house databases provide the al-Qaida for all related industry profiles propaedeutic research We also maintain extensive in-house databases of news, analyst commentary, company profiles and macroeconomic & demographic info, which enable our researchers to build an accurate market overview Definitions Market definitions are standardized to allow comparison from country to country.The parameters of each definition are carefully reviewed at the start of the research process to ensure they match the requirements of both the market and our clients Extensive secondary research activities ensure we are of all time fully up-to-date with the latest industry events and trends Datamonitor aggregates and analyzes a number of secondary data sources, including National/Governmental statistics International data (official international sources) National and International trade associations Broker and analyst reports Company one-year Reports employment education libraries and databasesModeling & forecasting tools Datamonitor has developed powerful tools that allow numerical and qualitative data to be feature with related macroeconomic and demographic drivers to realise market models and forecasts, which can then be refined according to specific competitive, regulative and demand-related factors Continuous quality control ensures that our processes and profiles roost focused, accur ate and up-to-date Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 35 APPENDIX Industry associations spherical Food Marketing Institute 655 fifteenth Street, NW, Washington DC, 20005 Tel. 001 202 452 8444 Fax 001 202 429 4519 www. fmi. org/ CIES The Food Business Forum 7, rue de Madrid 75008 Paris FRANCE Tel. 0033 1 4469 8484 Fax 0033 1 4469 9939 www. ciesnet. com EuroCommerce route des Nerviens 9-31, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel. 0032 2 737 0598 Fax 0032 2 230 0078 www. eurocommerce. be Related Datamonitor research Industry Profile Food Retail in Western Europe Food Retail in Asia-Pacific Food Retail in the US Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 36APPENDIX Disclaimer All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanica l, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, Datamonitor plc. The facts of this report are believed to be correct at the time of publication but cannot be guaranteed. Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations that Datamonitor delivers will be based on information garner in good faith from both primary and secondary sources, whose accuracy we are not always in a position to guarantee.As such Datamonitor can accept no liability any(prenominal) for actions taken based on any information that may subsequently prove to be incorrect. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. 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